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Overhydration: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis And Treatment
We all know how important it is to hydrate our bodies in order for them to function properly. Drinking adequate amount of water benefits the body in many ways such as preventing constipation, flushing out waste products, regulating temperature and performing all major bodily functions. But, did you ever wonder what happens if you drink too much water? Drinking too much water than your body needs is called overhydration (hyponatremia).
What Is Overhydration And What Causes It?
Overhydration occurs when you drink too much water. Drinking excess water increases the amount of water in the blood and this can dilute the electrolytes in the blood, including sodium. When the sodium levels are below 135 mmol/L, it's called hyponatremia. This drop in sodium level causes water to enter the cells of the body, causing them to swell up. And this can eventually lead to water intoxification causing a disruption in the functioning of the brain cells[1] .
Types Of Overhydration
- An increase in water intake - When you drink too much water, your kidneys find it difficult to store it. This causes water to accumulate in the blood stream [2] .
- Retaining water - This happens when your body can't remove water properly due to certain medical conditions like liver disease, kidney problems, congestive heart failure, uncontrolled diabetes, etc.
Symptoms Of Overhydration
- Headache
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Confusion
- Difficulty in breathing
- Muscle weakness and cramping
- Drowsiness
- High blood pressure
Who Is At Risk Of Overhydration?
- Athletes
- Cyclists
- Hikers
- Military members involved in training exercises
- Rugby players
Diagnosis Of Overhydration [3]
Doctor will ask about your medical history to check whether the symptoms are caused due to overhydration or not. Then, he or she will perform a physical examination and will recommend blood and urine tests.
How To Treat Overhydration [4]
The
treatment
procedure
depends
on
how
severe
the
symptoms
are.
Drink
less
water
or
stop
drinking
water
for
another
few
hours,
if
you
are
experiencing
any
of
the
above
symptoms.
Also,
you
could
eat
some
salty
food
to
replace
the
lost
electrolytes
to
help
maintain
a
balance
between
the
electrolyte
and
water
content.
Taking
diuretic
medications
or
drinks
will
help
increase
the
production
of
urine
as
well.
How Much Water Should You Drink Per Day
As per the Institute of Medicine, men should drink 3.7 litres and women should drink 2.7 litres of water.
- [1] STORMONT, J. M., & Waterhouse, C. (1961). The genesis of hyponatremia associated with marked overhydration and water intoxication.Circulation,24(2), 191-203.
- [2] Groeneveld, A. J., & Polderman, K. H. (2005). Acute lung injury, overhydration or both?.Critical Care,9(2), 136.
- [3] O'Brien, K. K., Montain, S. J., Corr, W. P., Sawka, M. N., Knapik, J. J., & Craig, S. C. (2001). Hyponatremia associated with overhydration in US Army trainees.Military medicine,166(5), 405-410.
- [4] Ronco, C., Ricci, Z., Bellomo, R., & Bedogni, F. (2001). Extracorporeal ultrafiltration for the treatment of overhydration and congestive heart failure.Cardiology,96(3-4), 155-168.
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