Arrhythmia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis And Treatment

Thursday, October 31, 2019, 18:26

Everyone might have experienced an abnormal heart rate at least once and it is usually felt as the heart is racing or fluttering. Arrhythmia or irregular heartbeat is common and generally doesn't cause a problem until and unless it interferes with the blood flow in the body causing damage to the lungs, brain, and other organs. If arrhythmia isn't treated on time, it may be life-threatening.

What Causes Arrhythmia

Arrhythmia, also known as irregular heartbeat or cardiac dysrhythmia, is a heart disorder that affects the rhythm at which the heart beats. It occurs when the electrical impulses, which regulate heartbeats don't function properly, causing the heartbeat to be irregular, too slow or too fast. It can sometimes lead to stroke or cardiac arrest ^[1] .

Other causes of arrhythmia:

High blood pressure
Diabetes
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Congestive heart failure
Drug abuse
Mental stress
Alcohol abuse
Smoking
Drinking too much caffeine
Stress
Sleep apnoea
Scarring of heart tissue from a previous heart attack
Coronary artery disease
Certain medications and supplements

ALSO READ: Heart Attack: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Treatment And Prevention

Types Of Arrhythmia

Atrial fibrillation - When the atria (the upper chambers of the heart) contract irregularly ^[2] .

Bradycardia - When the heart rate is slow and is below 60 beats per minute ^[3] .

Tachycardia - When the heart rate is fast and is more than 100 beats per minute ^[4] .

Ventricular fibrillation - When the heartbeat is rapid, erratic and disorganized leading to unconsciousness and sudden death ^[5] .

Premature contraction - It is characterized as an early heartbeat which originates in the heart's upper and lower chambers ^[6] .

Symptoms Of Arrhythmia ^[7]

Some patients don't have any symptoms, but during an ECG, arrhythmia can be detected. The symptoms depend on the type of arrhythmia which are the following:

Symptoms of atrial fibrillation

Dizziness
Palpitations
Breathlessness
Chest pain
Fainting
Weakness
Symptoms of bradycardia
Chest pain
Dizziness
Confusion
Having trouble in concentrating
Difficulty when exercising
Fatigue
Shortness of breath
Lightheadedness
Sweating
Symptoms of tachycardia
Dizziness
Chest pain
Fainting
Breathlessness
Fluttering in the chest
Sudden weakness

Symptoms of ventricular fibrillation

Fainting spells
Dizziness
Palpitations
Fatigue
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Premature contraction often doesn't cause any symptoms, however, when they occur it feels like a skipped beat sensation in the chest.

ALSO READ: Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): Symptoms, Causes & Prevention

Risk Factors Of Arrhythmia ^[8]

Some factors increase the risk of arrhythmia, which include the following:

High blood pressure
Coronary artery disease
Thyroid problems
Congenital heart disease
Diabetes
Electrolyte imbalance
Drinking excess caffeine and alcohol
Sleep apnoea

Complications Of Arrhythmia

Stroke - When the heartbeat is abnormal, the heart is unable to pump blood properly and this causes blood clots to form. If a blood clot leaves the heart and travels to the brain, it can block an artery. This prevents oxygen from reaching the brain, thus causing stroke.

Heart failure - Atrial fibrillation can lead to heart failure.

Diagnosis Of Arrhythmia ^[9]

The doctor will first ask about your symptoms and your medical history and conduct a physical examination. The doctor will then perform other tests which are as follows:

Electrocardiogram (ECG) - Sensors are attached to your chest to detect the electrical activity of your heart. ECG measures the timing and duration of each electrical activity in your heart.

Echocardiogram - A hand-held device is placed on your chest which uses the sound waves to show images of your heart's structure, size and motion.

Holter monitor - It is a portable ECG device which records your heart's activity as during your daily routine.

Event monitor - It is another ECG device attached to your body which allows you to press a button when you have symptoms. This lets your doctor know your heartbeat when the symptoms occur.

ALSO READ: What Is Leaky Heart Valve? Its Symptoms, Causes And Treatment

Treatment Of Arrhythmia

The treatment methods are as follows.

Cardioversion - If you have atrial fibrillation, the doctor may use cardioversion to restore your normal heart rhythm. In this procedure, the doctor places electrodes on your chest to send electric shocks to the heart ^[10] .

Pacemaker - It is an implantable device that is placed under the skin of the chest or abdomen to control the irregular heartbeat. Pacemakers use electrical pulses that trigger your heart to beat at a normal rate ^[11] .

Catheter ablation - The doctor threads one or more catheters through the blood vessels of your heart to ablate (stop) the abnormal electric pathways that cause arrhythmia ^[12] .

Medications - Certain medications are prescribed by the doctor to control your heartbeat or restore a normal heartbeat.

ICD (Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator) - The device is implanted under the skin near the collarbone. Once it detects an abnormal heartbeat, it transmits low or high energy shocks to bring the heart back to normal rhythm ^[13] .

Coronary bypass surgery - The treatment is done to improve the blood flow to the heart ^[14] .

Maze procedure - The doctor will make a series of surgical incisions into the heart tissue to create a maze of scar tissue. As scar tissue doesn't carry electricity, they stop the stray electrical impulses from causing atrial fibrillation and thereby, preventing arrhythmia ^[15] .

Prevention Of Arrhythmia

Increase your physical activity
Avoid smoking and drinking alcohol
Eat a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables
Maintain a healthy weight
Limit caffeine consumption
Reduce stress

View Article References

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