Pneumothorax (Collapsed Lung): Types, Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors And Treatments

Types Of Pneumothorax

1. Traumatic pneumothorax (TP): Occurs due to injury or trauma in the lungs or chest wall. It includes: [2]

• A bullet shot or stab wound in the chest.
• Vehicle accident
• Fractured rib
• Fall of a heavy object or hard hit on the chest.
• Mountain climbing or scuba diving
• Medical procedures such as mechanical ventilation

2. Nontraumatic pneumothorax (NP): It is not as a result of trauma or injury. NP are of two types: [3]

• Primary nontraumatic pneumothorax (PNP): Here, collapsed lung occur due to no specific reason or without any preexisting lung condition. It can occur in healthy adults too.
• Secondary nontraumatic pneumothorax (SNP): The main causes of SNP are lung diseases such as COPD, lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, asthma, whooping cough, bacterial pneumonia or cystic fibrosis. SNP is also caused due to cigarette smoking.

Causes Of Pneumothorax

When a person breathes in and out, the lungs inflate or say, increase in size till the inner layers of the chest cavity. In the process, the vacuum inside the lungs increases while remains decreased in the pleural space, which is the area outside the lungs but within the chest cavity.

In pneumothorax, a hole or damage is caused in the lung tissues due to injury, trauma or lung diseases. This causes the air inside the lungs to escape into the pleural space. The air that has escaped outside the lungs, now starts to disrupt the balance of the pressure inside the lungs, causing the lungs to contract more instead of inflating, resulting in lung collapse.

Symptoms Of Pneumothorax

• Sharp chest pain
• Shortness of breath
• Pain while breathing
• Cough
• Rapid heartbeat and breathing due to more pressure on the heart by the outside lung pressure.
• Bluish skin due to the less supply of oxygen to the tissues
• Fatigue

Risk Factors Of Pneumothorax

• Smoking [4]
• Being thin, tall and between the age 10-30 (People above 40 are more prone to SNP)
• Playing hard sports such as football or hockey
• Being male
• An occupation that involves a change in atmospheric pressure.

Diagnosis Of Pneumothorax

• Physical examination: Here, the medical expert will ask questions about the history of lung disease, trauma or accident.
• Arterial blood gas test: To measure the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. Low levels of oxygen and high levels of CO2 indicates pneumothorax.
• Imaging tests: It includes a CT scan, ECG or X-ray to confirm pneumothorax.

Treatment Of Pneumothorax

If the pneumothorax is caused without any underlying conditions, it may go on its own after a few days as the air gets reabsorbed by the lungs. Severe cases require immediate treatments such as: [5]

• Needle insertion: Here, a hollow needle is inserted in the pleural space to allow excess air to come out. It is a short procedure.
• Chest tube insertion: It is similar to the insertion of a needle in the chest. However, here a chest tube is inserted which is attached to a suction machine to pull out excess air from the pleural space.
• Surgery: If the condition does not improve even after the above two procedures, surgery is carried out in which the leakage in the lung tissues is closed.
• Medications: To reduce chest pain.

How To Prevent Pneumothorax

• Avoid smoking
• Take plenty of rest.
• Consult a medical expert if you notice frequent symptoms of pneumothorax