Exclusive: Expert On Complications Thyroid Patients Face In The Long Run, Precautions To Employ At Early Stage

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If you're someone battling thyroid issues, you're probably no stranger to the cluster of problems that often accompany this condition. So, it's crucial to recognize that you're not alone in this struggle.

In an exclusive interview with Boldsky, Dr. Aditya G Hegde, Consultant, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Manipal Hospitals, explains complications faced by Thyroid patients, and precautions that one can employ to manage it more effectively.

What Is Thyroid Dysfunction?
Thyroid dysfunction is a common disorder among individuals, impacting up to 5% of the population with hyper- or hypothyroidism. There are two main types of thyroid disease: Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism.

Hypothyroidism results from an insufficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. This slows down your metabolism. An underactive thyroid can contribute to weight gain and fatigue.

Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces an excess of thyroid hormone, making your metabolism speed up. This may cause weight loss and an increased heartbeat.

Short-term and Long-term Effects of Thyroid Dysfunction
Maintaining normal thyroid function is crucial for regulating essential bodily functions such as metabolism, body temperature, heart rate, menstruation, and other vital functions.

Immediate or short-term effects of overt thyroid dysfunction are well observed among patients, including the impact of hyperthyroidism on pulse rate or blood pressure and the effects of hypothyroidism on lipid levels.

Uncontrolled Hyperthyroidism
There is now increasing evidence for long-term morbidity and mortality associated with thyroid dysfunction. This includes an increased likelihood of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality in patients with previous thyrotoxicosis treated with radioiodine and of osteoporotic fracture of the femur in those with previous thyrotoxicosis.

Subclinical or mild thyroid dysfunction is also linked to long-term effects as indications of an elevated risk of atrial fibrillation are found in individuals with subclinical hyperthyroidism.

Long-term complications may arise from treatments for thyroid disorders as well. The potential risk of cancer from therapeutic radioiodine used for hyperthyroidism has undergone extensive investigation in recent years.

Most studies reveal no increase in cancer diagnoses or deaths, apart from a small increase in thyroid cancer risk which may be associated with the underlying thyroid disease.

Uncontrolled Hypothyroidism
Severe symptoms long-standing thyroid hypofunction can manifest include weight gain, constipation, xerostomia, hoarseness, deepening of the voice, fatigue, puffy eyes, cold intolerance, muscle weakness and cramps, and menorrhagia. Depression, slower cognition, and poor memory are also found in many patients with long-standing thyroid hypofunction.

Long-Term Effects of Untreated Hypothyroidism
1. Goiter: Goiter and nodules needing lifelong monitoring and surveillance for malignancy. In addition, large goiter may interfere with your swallowing or breathing, or cause you to be self-conscious about your appearance.

2. Heart Disease: It tends to make your body retain fluid, which can lead to hypertension and congestive heart failure. Hypothyroidism also increases risk of coronary artery disease by raising lipid (cholesterol and triglyceride) levels and also by contributing to dysfunction in the lining of blood vessels.

3. Kidney Disease: People with hypothyroidism had a higher risk of chronic kidney disease than people with normal thyroid function including those with subclinical hypothyroidism.

4. Cognitive Issues: Hypothyroidism can also contribute to depression and increased risk of dementia.

5. Fertility Issues: In many women with hypothyroidism, menstrual periods become irregular and unpredictable. This may adversely affect fertility.

6. Myxedema Coma: Myxedema is a rare but life-threatening complication of severe hypothyroidism that involves extreme fatigue and impaired cognition, followed by loss of consciousness. Myxedema is a medical emergency which requires intravenous (IV) delivery of thyroid hormone.

Risk Factors for Thyroid Disease
You're more likely to get thyroid disease if you:
· Are a woman
· Are older than 60
· Have a family history of thyroid disorders
· Experience health conditions like diabetes, lupus, or rheumatoid arthritis.
· Have received treatment for a past thyroid issue or cancer of the thyroid gland
· Take medicine high in iodine

How To Prevent Thyroid?
There's no known way to prevent thyroid disease. With proper treatment, regular follow-up and medications as prescribed, most people with thyroid disease can live a normal life. Adopting a healthy lifestyle and being mindful of eating habits are important to manage thyroid disorders.

Stress management through practices like meditation and adequate sleep is crucial, as chronic stress can contribute to thyroid dysfunction. Avoiding smoking and minimizing exposure to environmental toxins further supports thyroid health.

Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is for general informational and educational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.