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Patanjali Yoga And Scientific Value System-Part I (Science & Its Values)
Science And Its Values
1.Universalism
This value demands that science should be independent of race, colour, creed, or gender and that it should be essentially international in character, with no artificial boundaries. This makes science essentially a unifying factor among diverse races and creeds.
Two
classic
cases
can
be
cited
here.
The
first
one
is
Hitler"s
attempt
to
dub
the
Theory
of
Relativity
as
Jewish
science,
since
it
had
been
enunciated
by
Einstein,
a
born
Jew.
Hitler"s
attempt
to
ban
the
teaching
of
this
theory
ended
in
failure,
because
the
scientific
community
was
not
prepared
to
accept
such
prejudices.
The second example is that of William Shockley, a Nobel Prize winner in physics, who tried to prove that black races are intellectually inferior to white races. This, again, was vehemently rejected by the scientific community.
2.Communalism
This
value
requires
that
scientific
knowledge
should
be
public
knowledge,
not
the
exclusive
prerogative
of
any
group.
It
also
means
free
and
frank
exchange
of
scientific
information
among
scientists
across
national
boundaries.
This
is
ensured
by
the
system
of
publications
in
scientific
journals,
under
strict
supervision
of
quality.
It
is
also
absolutely
necessary
to
ensure
that
any
scientific
discovery
is
authentic
and
trustworthy.
There are innumerable instances in the history of science to show the importance given to fidelity. The best example is that of Newton, who withheld the publication of his Gravitational Theory for almost 16 years, because his theoretical predictions did not agree with the available observational data. For his deductions, Newton had used a value for the distance of the moon from the earth, which was based on observations available at that time. However, later observations refined this value. When Newton plugged the new value into his equation, he got almost perfect agreement between theory and observation. It is only then that Newton decided to publish his magnum opus, Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis. Such was his sense of honesty!
3.Disinterestedness
This value of science demands that the results of scientific research should not be influenced by any ideology, or manipulated to serve for personal profit. They should be honest, objective, and impersonal. This is perhaps the greatest strength of science. The best example in this context is the way the Soviet regime distorted science during the Stalinist era. Many were the attempts made by it to show that most of the important scientific advances made by the rest of the world, like Relativity and Quantum Mechanics, had already been done by Soviet scientists much earlier! The international scientific community, however, was not prepared to swallow this claim, because it lacked proof.
4.Organised Scepticism
This value demands that no scientific statement should be accepted based only on the word of authority. There must be intellectual freedom to question such statements. According to science, the test of validity of any statement is experimental or observational verification.When Schrödinger introduced probabilistic concepts into Quantum Theory, Einstein was dismayed and made the famous remark 'God does not play dice with the universe." However, later investigations showed that the younger scientist was right and the senior one was wrong! If science today has become a force to reckon with and is influencing human life in all spheres, it is because of its strict adherence to the above value system.
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