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Patanjali Yoga And Scientific Value System-Part I (The Challenge Of Patanjali Yoga)
Among several of the existing spiritual practices, there are two that display these characteristics of science. They are Advaita Vedanta or Nondualism, and Patanjali's Raja Yoga. The former is quite out of the reach of most people because of the lack of competence on the part of practitioners and, more importantly, because of the lack of opportunities. The latter, however, is more easily accessible and is quite a rage today. We propose to examine how this Yoga satisfies the value criteria of modern science. Before we do that, we should first understand what Patanjali Yoga is all about.
Indian philosophy has six branches (Shad-darshana). These are Nyaya (Logic), Vaiseshika (Atomism), Sankhya (Creation), Yoga (Union), Purvamimamsa (Karmakanda of the Vedas) and Uttaramimamsa (Jnanakanda of the Vedas).
Each
one
of
these
philosophies
is
associated
with
a
textbook,
written
in
the
form
of
aphorisms
or
sutras.
The
book
associated
with
Yoga
is
believed
to
have
been
composed
by
a
sage
called
Patanjali
and
goes
by
the
name
Patanjala
Yoga
Sutras.
True to the tradition in Indian scriptures, more is known about this book than the author himself. All that is known about Patanjali is that he flourished sometime between the second century BCE (Before the Common Era, earlier known as BC) and the second century CE (Common Era, earlier known as AD) and compiled the existing knowledge about Yoga into a systematic branch of philosophy. It is a highly practice-oriented subject, with its theoretical foundation provided by the Sankhya philosophy.
The
book
itself,
containing
196
aphorisms,
is
divided
into
four
chapters
or
'quarters'
(pada).
The
first
chapter,
called
the
Samadhi-pada,
introduces
the
concept
of
Samadhi,
its
multifarious
forms,
the
concept
of
Omkara,
the
obstacles
faced
by
a
practitioner
and
the
methods
of
overcoming
them.
The
second
chapter
is
called
Sadhana
pada,
dealing
essentially
with
the
practical
aspects
of
how
to
refine
and
control
the
mind.
In the third chapter, called the Vibhuti-pada, Patanjali discusses the changes that occur in the human mind on its way to Samadhi through concentration and meditation. It is this study of the mind which has led many scholars to call Patanjali Yoga Sutras a text on Indian Psychology. This chapter also contains a list of powers acquired by yogis through their practice. The last chapter, known as Kaivalya-pada, is about the last stages of the practice when the meditator dissolves in the object of meditation. Patanjali calls the last state simply Kaivalya or Aloneness, without explaining what it is.
At first sight, the book appears to be the collection of a set of disjointed aphorisms. But, a more careful and detailed study reveals the connecting links. Like Buddha, Patanjali also feels, for several reasons, that human life is full of sorrow. He believes that the experience of sorrow is due to avidya or wrong perception. This is due to the superimposition of the Consciousness, Purusa, on the inert material content, Prakrti. According to Patanjali, the separation of the two is vidya or right perception. When this separations happens, all sorrow disappears.
How can a yogi bring about this separation? Patanjali says that the method to do this is Ashtanga Anushthana, or Ashtanga Yoga. This is the practical aspect of Yoga which has become very popular around the world.
The Ashtanga Yoga, as the very name suggests, consists of eight limbs—Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyana and Samadhi.
Of these, Yama and Niyama are ethical practices, Asana and Pranayama are physical practices, Pratyahara and Dharana are mental practices, and Dhyana and Samadhi are supramental states of existence.
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